Descriptions and Examples for the POV-Ray Raytracer by Friedrich A. Lohmüller
    POV-Ray Examples - How To Make Objects for POV-Ray
 Italiano Italiano
Français français
Deutsch Deutsch
Home
- POV-Ray Tutorial
  - POV-Ray Examples
     Index of Content
  - Geometry
  - Architecture
  - Engineering
    - Ladder
    - Pylons
    - Railing
    - Bridge
    - Tubes
    - Tube Fork
    - Tube Stopcock
    - Chain
    - Coil of Wire
    - Torpedo
    - Cruise Missile
    - Rocket
    - Wheel
    - Truck
    - Propeller
    - Airplanes
    - Canoe
    - Guitar Body
    - 7-Segment Display
    - Ribbon Cable
    - Cable Harness
                                       
 
Tube fork

Tube Fork

Objects: isosurface, cylinder.
Methods: #declare, #local, #macro, union, difference.
A tube fork base shape for connecting pipelines, for a faucet or for a stopcocks.
We consider two blob-like isosurfaces.
The dimensions for both: 
#local R1 = 0.50; // tube radius
#local R2 = 0.35; // blob sphere radius
#local Box_L = 4*R1; // size of container box     
#local Bloby = 0.15, // the blob factor
First an isosurface tube with spherical blob: 
isosurface{ //-----------------------------------
function{ (1+Bloby)
           - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1)))
           - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(y*y+z*z+x*x)-(R2)))
        } // end function
 contained_by{
  box{<-Box_L,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<Box_L,Box_L,Box_L>}}
 accuracy 0.001
 max_gradient 7
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<0.45,1,0>}
          finish { phong 1 reflection 0.10}}
} // end of isosurface --------------------------
nuts
An isosurface tube with a spherical blob.
Then an isosurface of crossed tubes: 
isosurface{ //-----------------------------------
 function{ (1+Bloby)
            - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1)))
            - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(y*y+z*z)-(R2)))
         } // end function
 contained_by{
  box{<-Box_L,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<Box_L,Box_L,Box_L>}}
 accuracy 0.001
 max_gradient 7
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<1,0.7,0>}
          finish { phong 1 reflection 0.10}}
} // end of isosurface --------------------------
cross
An isosurface of crossed tubes.
How to make a Tube Fork:
Here we restrict each of the two isosurfaces to a different half of their container box and then we add them together by using "union". 
union{
isosurface{ //-----------------------------------
function{ (1+Bloby)
           - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1)))
           - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(y*y+z*z+x*x)-(R2)))
        } // end function
 contained_by{
  box{<-Box_L,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<0,Box_L,Box_L>}}
 accuracy 0.001
 max_gradient 7
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<0.45,1,0>}
          finish { phong 1 reflection 0.10}}
} // end of isosurface 1 ------------------------

 function{ (1+Bloby)
            - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1)))
            - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(y*y+z*z)-(R2)))
         } // end function
 contained_by{
  box{<0,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<Box_L,Box_L,Box_L>}}
 accuracy 0.001
 max_gradient 7
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<1,0.7,0>}
          finish { phong 1 reflection 0.10}}
} // end of isosurface 2 ------------------------

} // end of union
cross
Two half isosurface shapes.
cross
The isosurface of forked tube.
Adapting the Tube Fork to connect to other tubes:
Because these kind of isosurfaces do not have exactly the radius R1 resp. R2 at the border of their container boxes, we have to add a correcting factor to each according radius.
(This is not exactly calculated - just use the "trial and error" method!)
Note: If you change the radi
you'll have to adapt this correcting factor!

To help with the adapting of the isosurface radi to other tube radi we add also some test tubes.
#local Cor = 0.06; isosuface radius correction
#local Test_Cylinders_ON = 1; // 1 = on; 0 = off
//-----------------------------------------------
union{
isosurface{ //-----------------------------------
 function{ (1+Bloby)
       - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1+Cor)))
       - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(y*y+z*z+x*x)-(R2+Cor)))
         } // end function
 contained_by{
  box{<-Box_L,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<0,Box_L,Box_L>}}
 accuracy 0.001
 max_gradient 7
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<0.45,1,0>}
          finish { phong 1 reflection 0.10}}
} // end of isosurface 1 ------------------------

 function{ (1+Bloby)
           - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1+Cor)))
           - pow( Bloby,(sqrt(y*y+z*z)-(R2+Cor)))
         } // end function
 contained_by{
  box{<0,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<Box_L,Box_L,Box_L>}}
 accuracy 0.001
 max_gradient 7
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<1,0.7,0>}
          finish { phong 1 reflection 0.10}}
} // end of isosurface 2 ------------------------
// ----------------------------------------------
#if(Test_Cylinders_ON=1)
 union{ // test
  cylinder{<0,0,Box_L>,<0,0,Box_L+0.5*R1>,R1}
  cylinder{<0,0,-Box_L-0.5*R1>,<0,0,-Box_L>,R1}
  cylinder{<Box_L,0,0>,<Box_L+0.5*R1,0,0>,R2}
  texture{  pigment{ color rgb<1,0.7,0>} }
 } // end of union 'test'
#end // of Test_Cylinders_ON
} // end of union -------------------------------










tube fork with test cylinders
The tube fork with test cylinders
Caving out the inside and putting all in a macro
completes the tube fork:
The macro "Tube_Fork_000": 
//---------------------------------------------
#macro Tube_Fork_000 (
    R1, // ~0.50,
    R2, // ~0.35 ~0.65,
    Tube_D, // ~0.05, tube material thickness
    Bloby, // blob factor, // 0.1~0.002,
    Cor, //   radius correction,
    Test_Cylinders_ON, // on = 1; off = 0,
  ) // ----------------------------------------
//---------------------------------------------
#local D = 0.0001; // just a little bit !!!
#local Box_L = 4*R1;
//---------------------------------------------
//------------- default textures --------------
#ifndef (Slide_Body_Texture)
#declare Slide_Body_Texture =
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<1,1,1>*0.85}
          normal { bumps 0.05 scale 0.3005}
          finish { phong 0.7 reflection 0.05}}
#end
#ifndef (Slide_Inside_Texture)
#declare Slide_Inside_Texture =
 texture{ pigment{ color rgb<1,1,1>*0.7}}
#end
#ifndef (Test_Tube_Texture)
#declare Test_Tube_Texture =
  texture { pigment { color rgb<0.7,0.3,1>}}
#end
//-----------....----------- main part --------
union{ // main union

#if(Test_Cylinders_ON=1)
union{ // 1
#end

difference{
 union{
 isosurface{ //--------------------------------
  function{
    (1+Bloby)
    - pow( Bloby, ( sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1+Cor) ) )
    - pow( Bloby,( sqrt( y*y+z*z)-(R2+Cor) ) )
  }// end function
  contained_by{
   box{<0,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<Box_L,Box_L,Box_L>} }
  accuracy 0.001
  max_gradient 7
 } // end of isosurface -----------------------

 isosurface{ //--------------------------------
  function{
    (1+Bloby)
    - pow( Bloby, ( sqrt(x*x+y*y)-(R1+Cor) ) )
    - pow( Bloby,( sqrt(y*y+z*z +x*x)-(R2+Cor) ) )
  }// end function
  contained_by{
   box{<-Box_L,-Box_L,-Box_L>,<0,Box_L,Box_L>}}
  accuracy 0.001
  max_gradient 7
 } // end of isosurface -----------------------

 texture{Slide_Body_Texture}
 }// end of union

 cylinder{ <0,0,-Box_L-D>,<0,0,Box_L+D>,R1-Tube_D
           texture{ Slide_Inside_Texture }}
 cylinder{ <0,0,0>,<Box_L+D,0,0>, R2-Tube_D
           texture{ Slide_Inside_Texture }}
}//end of difference  //

#if(Test_Cylinders_ON=1)
 union{ // 'test'
  cylinder{<0,0, Box_L>,<0,0,Box_L+0.5*R1>, R1}
  cylinder{<0,0,-Box_L-0.5*R1>,<0,0,-Box_L>,R1}
  cylinder{<Box_L,0,0>,<Box_L+0.5*R1,0,0>,  R2}
  texture { Test_Tube_Texture }}
 }// end union 'test'
} // end union of '#if(Test_Cylinders_ON = 1)'
#end // Test_Cylinders_ON=1
// ---------

} // end union main
#end // -------------------------- end of macro

And here is a example for how to use this macro:
// -------------------------- optional textures  
#declare Slide_Body_Texture =
  texture{ pigment{ color rgb<0.75,1,0>}
           finish { phong 1 reflection 0.1}}
#declare Slide_Inside_Texture =
  texture{ pigment{ color rgb<0.3,0.7,0>*1.1}
           finish { phong 1}}
#declare Test_Tube_Texture =
  texture{ pigment { color rgb<1,0.7,0>}
         } // end of texture
// ----------------------------------------------
object{
  Tube_Fork_000 (
  // total container box length = 4*R1
  0.50, // R1, // main tube radius:  1 ~ 0.25
  0.35, // R2, // side tube radius:  1.5 ~ 0.20
  0.05, // Tube_D, // tube material thickness
  0.15, // Blobfactor; // 0.1~0.002 ; max~0.2!!
  0.06, // radius correction, ~ 0.06
  0, // Test_cylinders_ON;  on = 1; off = 0
  ) // ------------------------------------------
  // rotate <0,0,90>
  translate <0,0,0>
} // -------------------------------------------- 


tube fork macro
The tube fork macro.
Scene file
for POV-Ray
"Tube_Fork_000_6.txt" or "Tube_Fork_000_6.pov"


tube fork macro
The tube fork macro
with R1 = 0.35, R2 = 0.50,
and rotate<0,0,90>.










































Tube Fork


For Download of this shape as a Ready-made POV-Ray object
in an include file with macro
and for example files look at the
POV-Ray Objects Page - Tubes
 
top
© Friedrich A. Lohmüller, 2009
www.f-lohmueller.de